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Key terms: hypospadias degree severe cases opening male skin boys androgen urethral reported birth defects surgery intersex endocrine glans rates effect testosterone cryptorchidism minority perineum performed associated more severe third degree surgical repair fistula perineal deficiency agents pregnancy penile cloacal increase meatus circumcision urethral groove phallus hormone risk incidence severe degrees urethra opens environmental been reported degree hypospadias pediatric infants interfering Search external links cited by footnotes on Wikipedia page Hypospadias: |
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